Revisiting some overlooked registered Thai traditional medicine preparations: an alert to a regulatory affair

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the heavy metal identity and content of registered Thai Traditional medicine (TTM) preparations in Thailand to ensure consumer safety. Methods Both qualitative quantitative information about elemental composition each TTM crude drug some was performed. Seven kinds mineral-based drugs, namely realgar, orpiment, Chinese powder, Sen, vermilion, natural cinnabar, were analyzed with X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive spectroscopy techniques determine type confirm their chemical formulas. Furthermore, number metals, such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), three samples realgar-containing preparations; one sample Sen-containing preparation, eight cinnabar-containing preparations. Heavy metals determined inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Results It observed that realgar orpiment consisted sulfide (AsS) trisulfide (As 2 S 3 ), respectively. drugs contained approximately 50% As. Vermilion, cinnabar mercuric (HgS), Hg accounting for 66%. Sen Pb (II, IV) oxide (Pb O 4 ) an approximate percentage 80%. However, absent powder mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO ). A traditional detoxification procedure can reduce amount As processed by at least 20%. Conclusions higher preparations, no CaCO detected powder. Our results raise concerns on both safety efficacy consumers alert public health policymakers they should implement regulations so quality (authenticity) quantity used are correctly labeled within permissible limits prevent threats consumers.